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• • • Hybrid warfare is a that employs and blends, and with other influencing methods, such as,,. By combining kinetic operations with subversive efforts, the aggressor intends to avoid attribution or retribution. Hybrid warfare can be used to describe the flexible and complex dynamics of the requiring a highly adaptable and resilient response. There are a variety of terms used to refer to the hybrid war concept: hybrid war, hybrid threats, hybrid influencing or hybrid adversary (as well as non-linear war, non-traditional war or special war).

US military bodies tend to speak in terms of a hybrid threat, while academic literature speaks of a hybrid warfare. For the purposes of this article, these terms will be used interchangeably. Every age has its own kind of war, its own limiting conditions, and its own peculiar preconceptions. — There is no universally accepted definition of hybrid warfare which leads to some debate whether the term is useful at all.

Some argue that the term is too abstract and only the latest term to refer to to counter a superior force. The abstractness of the term means that it is often used as a catch all term for all non-linear threats. Hybrid warfare is warfare with the following aspects: • A non-standard, complex, and fluid adversary.

A hybrid adversary can be state or non-state. For example, in the and the the main adversaries are non-state entities within the state system. These non-state actors can act as for countries but have independent agendas as well. For example, is a sponsor of but it was Hezbollah’s, not Iran’s, agenda that resulted in the kidnapping of Israeli troops that led to the Israel–Hezbollah war.

On the other hand, can be described as a traditional state actor waging a hybrid war (in addition to using a local hybrid proxy). Note that denies involvement in the Ukraine conflict.

• A hybrid adversary uses a combination of conventional and irregular methods. Methods and tactics include,, irregular formations, diplomacy, politics,, indiscriminate violence, and criminal activity. A hybrid adversary also uses clandestine actions to avoid attribution or retribution.

These methods are used simultaneously across the spectrum of conflict with a unified strategy. A current example is the transnational aspirations, blended tactics, structured formations, and cruel use of as part of their arsenal. • A hybrid adversary is flexible and adapts quickly. For example, the response to the U.S. Aerial bombing campaign was to quickly reduce the use of, large convoys, and cell phones.

IS militants also dispersed among the civilian population. Civilian from airstrikes can be used as an effective recruiting tool. • A hybrid adversary uses advanced weapons systems and other disruptive technologies.

These weapons can be now bought at bargain prices. Moreover, other novel technologies are being adapted to the battlefield such as cellular networks. In 2006, was armed with high-tech weaponry, such as, that typically use. Hezbollah forces shot down helicopters, severely damaged a patrol boat with a and destroyed heavily armored tanks by firing from hidden bunkers. The organization also used to gather intelligence, communicated with encrypted cell phones and watched Israeli troop movements with thermal. • Use of for.

The growth of mass communication networks offers powerful propaganda and recruiting tools. The use of to spread false stories is an element of hybrid warfare. • A hybrid war takes place on three distinct battlefields.

The conventional battlefield, the indigenous population of the conflict zone, and the international community. Other definitions [ ] defined a hybrid threat in 2008 as an adversary that incorporates 'diverse and dynamic combinations of conventional, irregular, terrorist and criminal capabilities'.